Chapter 10: A Career of Collaborative Studies from HIV to Tissue Engineering
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Description
Dr. Satterfield discusses his research in this Chapter, beginning with his collaboration with Dr. Samuel Hassenbusch, M.D. in the Department of Neurosurgery to study midazolam, an alternative to opioids in the treatment of neuropathic pain (as opioids create small tumors that add to pain and obstruct the spinal cord). He describes the tests conducted on sheep and the subcutaneous pump used to deliver the drug, a highly sophisticated device that can be controlled by telemetry. He notes that study of this system went to clinical trials several years ago.
Next, he talks about the hepatitis and AIDS research conducted on chimpanzees since his arrival at MD Anderson, though he notes that it is very difficult to meet the criteria to use great apes in studies, a great loss to science in his view. At this time there is only one animal in the study of a drug that successfully cleared hepatitis C. There is also a study in progress to determine the safety of a monoclonal antibody used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune diseases. This topic leads to an explanation of “orphan products,” drugs used very selectively for a small number of patients with rare conditions.
Dr. Satterfield then turns to his work with two gynecologic oncologists using rhesus monkeys to successfully demonstrate that oral contraceptives reduce markers for ovarian cancer. He notes that he helped the investigators select animals with ovarian cycles similar to humans as well as providing the physical services such as performing the biopsies and making slides. This discussion leads Dr. Satterfield to note that Keeling’s chimpanzee community is on oral contraceptives because of the FDA moratorium on breeding.
The next study described is the work with Dr. Miller, Chair of Plastic Surgery, who was looking for a way of recreating bony body parts using molds. Dr. Satterfield describes the process of recreating a mandible for a sheep by filling a mold with crushed bone, attaching it to the body wall so it could regenerate and grow a blood supply, then transplanting it to the jaw. This process would address clinical mandible problems in humans created by tobacco use. (The process has been used on humans in Germany.) Dr. Satterfield notes that the study was stopped 3-4 years ago. He then talks about the difficulties that physician-scientists face in sustaining a demanding research project while attending to clinical responsibilities. Dr. Satterfield explains that he sees his role as setting up a “turn-key” project where everything is prepared, saving time for the investigator who comes to Bastrop for essential tasks.
Dr. Satterfield then speaks briefly about his collaboration on a project developing cartilage surfaces for joint surface replacements. A private orthopedic pharmaceutical company funded this study in which sheep and goats were used to explore alternatives for artificial knee replacements. Finally, Dr. Satterfield talks about an ongoing NIH-funded study of a possible HIV vaccine that uses a conserved peptide to stimulate T-cells to kill the virus.
Identifier
SatterfieldWC_02_20120725_C10
Publication Date
7-25-2012
City
Houston, Texas
Interview Session
William C. Satterfield, DVM, Oral History Interview, July 25, 2012
Topics Covered
The Interview Subject's Story - The ResearcherThe Researcher Overview Definitions, Explanations, Translations Professional Practice The Professional at Work Collaborations Discovery and Success On Research and Researchers
Transcript
Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
I wanted to go back as we— Our conversation about all this started with midazolam, and I was wondering what was the problem with the opioids that you were trying to address? You said that when you inject morphine, it would create that—William C. Satterfield, DVM:
You get a little, small, tumor-like formation in the spinal cord—Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
And so that is—William C. Satterfield, DVM:
—as a result of the presence of the morphine.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
And so, that itself causes pain.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Yeah. And that would cause pain and actually, paralysis.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Oh, wow.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Could cause paralysis. And, of course, it's inside your spinal cord, so we can't take it out.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Right. Now, why would—? This is a very naïve question, but why would morphine be injected into the spinal column?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Because that's the only way you can prevent the neuropathic, which is pain that cannot be relieved by taking pills or getting an injection or something.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Okay.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
It's spinal—it's severe spinal pain.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
And when was it discovered that these small tumors or lesions would—? How long does it take them to develop?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Depends on the concentration of morphine, how long it's given. We did studies on that, and with just the morphine delivery and within six weeks, we could get a small, tumor-like formation there. And so with midazolam, you were able to get the—you could deliver that for a longer period of time and without having this lesion formed—Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
But it still will—William C. Satterfield, DVM:
—in it. No, we never had a lesion form.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Oh, that's amazing.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Never had a lesion form with those. And it was also effective— Now, the other problem with the morphine is that you develop tolerance to it. So you start out at a low dose, and then after a while that becomes ineffective in controlling pain, so they increase the dose, and then they have to increase it again, and then the patient requires it to be increased again. And then at that point, you start getting the tumor formation or the lesion formation, and then things go downhill from there.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
So when you worked with the model in the sheep, did—? The sheep had some form of cancer that would give them pain, or—?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
No. We were just looking at pain modification in those animals, and we had ways of assessing the analgesia. We had behaviorists involved with watching them, and the standard types of tests that they would do—develop for—specifically for the sheep, to test analgesia in sheep, so we could achieve analgesia and maintain that for however long we wanted to run the study.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
So how did you assess that? I assume that you had to create a situation in which the animal was experiencing some kind of pain, and then the pain was relieved.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Right. They did that with a water bath with warm water, and they put—sheep would withdraw its foot from the water. And when they would get into an analgesic state, then the warm water didn't bother them, you know. They were—Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Oh, interesting. Sheep are touchy creatures.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Yeah. It was a water-type of testing.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
And how does the pump—? Well, maybe this is—William C. Satterfield, DVM:
How's the pump—?Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
—proprietary.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
No, that's not proprietary.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
I was just wondering how the pump works.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
It's got a battery-operated— It's sealed and is good for years.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
So this is actually—? Is it inside the body?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
It's put underneath the skin.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Oh, wow.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
And the delivery system is really quite neat in that it's programmed externally by telemetry in a laptop. And we can control the amount of drug delivered, and it can be refilled. Very small amounts were delivered, so we only had to refill it weekly. And—Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
So, does—?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
And that's what it— It's given over twenty-four hours. It's given consistently over twenty-four hours.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
So it sounds to me like neuropathic pain, as you're describing it, is it a permanent condition that would require—?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
With cancer, yes, it is. And people—one of the advantages of using this particular system is that people can be outpatients. They have this implanted under the skin. The catheter is put into the spinal cord, and the drug is delivered in the spinal fluid constantly. And they can come in weekly and have it either—have the programming changed and have the reservoir refilled on the pump.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Have the clinical trials on this begun?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Yes.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Wow.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Yes. They started several years ago, and I think with—after Dr. Hassenbusch died, he was the lead clinician on that. I'm not sure how that's gone since then. I know that they did recruit patients for that.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
That's pretty exciting results, though.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Well, it was a good study, a good model.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
We talked a lot about the hepatitis and the HIV studies yesterday, but I was wondering if there was any more that you wanted to tell me about that in terms of how those went and the results—if we covered that adequately yesterday.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
I think we probably—Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
We did—William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Yeah, we did. We talked about that quite a bit.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Okay.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
I don't think there's anything else significant that I can add to that.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Okay.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
I would say that, based on some of the early questions you asked me regarding sensitivity about use of primates in research, is impacting that. I'm not sure that we're going to—that this institution or any institution will be able to use chimpanzees very effectively in the future.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Really?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
And that's going to be a real loss to—that's going to be a loss to science. And it's going to be a loss to medical science, too, because that animal is in a nitch, or niche—however that's properly pronounce— that is not going to be replaced by anything else other than humans.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
So just so I understand, it's basically not going to be possible to use chimpanzees—?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Be very difficult. Well, there are criteria that NIH now has developed that it cannot be done in any other species. It can only be done— It's a study that can't be done in humans, and it's something that animals pretty much have to acquiesce to or— The bar is we've always kind of accepted those criteria here, but I think having outside people review these with that bar is going to be difficult to—it's going to take a lot of time. Whoever's in my—filling my position, we spent a lot of time trying to justify it and get those studies approved. And there were folks that were approving them before. It's not that this has never been approved and the studies weren't approved and they weren't reviewed and they weren't vetted. They've always been vetted, and the people who have reviewed them have had a good scientific background. They understood the importance of the science. But people on a committee that have animal extremism as a background, are not going to be very accepting of any kind of animal studies.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
What, if any, studies are ongoing right now using the chimpanzees here?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
We have 2 studies right now that are still ongoing. One is involving the treatment of hepatitis C in a single animal that has a chronic case of hepatitis C.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
So only one animal is involved.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Only one animal. We have another study that is involving a monoclonal antibody to treat autoimmune disease, and that can only be done in humans and chimps because only humans and chimps have the receptor sites—that share the same receptor sites—that this monoclonal can address. So this is a safety study. It's going to be addressed for conditions that currently can't be—there are no pharmaceuticals that can address things like certain types of rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and other types of autoimmune diseases. Chimps don't have those diseases, but in this particular study we're doing with the company, it's going to look at the pharmacodynamics and kinetics of the product in these animals as well as some safety aspects, too. We'll be doing a lot of safety things. And there is going to be a safety— There's a safety net for the chimps, too, of any signs of toxicity. Then the study will be stopped. And we're going to be closely monitoring them.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
I noticed here that at some point—you'll have to correct me if I'm wrong with this—but there was a—you had "first in class." I don't know who gave this designation, but there was a "first in class" therapy in Biomedical Research, Development, and Growth to Spur the Acceleration of New Technologies, and that was a pilot program for treatment of human autoimmune diseases. I assume that is what you just described.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
That's exactly what we just described, yes.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Okay. And the "first in class," what did that refer to?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
That refers to a unique product that's first in its class.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Oh, okay.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Yeah. And it's to address, kind of like—they're almost like orphan products. I don't know if you are familiar with the term "orphan products"—Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
No.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
—but there are orphan drugs that—they call them orphan drugs because it's not like Tylenol that is sold by the ton. It's products that are very selectively used for a very small percentage of patients for which there is no other treatment for. So that the companies don't really make a lot of money on these, and they're not commercially significant at all because they're basically orphans. They're out there. People that need them can't live without them, but there are not a lot of those people, so they don't make a lot. I mean, it's not something that you're going to pick up as a pharmaceutical company because it's not going to be a money maker for you, like a statin drug, which is a billion-dollar product—a multibillion dollar product. These are small, small market products.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
So it's kind of amazing that the studies are even being done.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
They're done by small companies, and the small companies can do this because they can work with a smaller margin. Large pharmaceutical companies aren't interested because there's not enough margin.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Right. A couple of the other things you've worked on—one of them was ovarian cancer?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Right.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
And can you tell me about that study a bit?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Yes. I collaborated with two physicians from the Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Dr. Molly Brewer and Michele Follen. They were looking at how you can reduce the risk of ovarian cancer using oral contraceptives. And we did this study in small monkeys. And it went over a several-year period of time where these animals were—and we biopsied the ovaries on them to demonstrate that this could be an effective means of reducing the risk of ovarian cancer.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
So that was—? What was the contraceptive that you were using?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
It was a commercial—just an over-the-counter-type of oral contraceptive.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
And it did successfully reduce the risk?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Yes. They were able to demonstrate that the markers that are seen in ovarian cancer reduced by the use—consistent use—of that product.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
And what—? How did you collaborate with them? I mean, obviously you provided the animals, but was this also one of those collaborative roles where—?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Exactly. Dr. Brewer and I did all of the ovarian biopsies together, and we processed the tissues here, and the slides were made. So we did all of the physical work with this. The intellectual work—some of the intellectual work—our contributions were made by us in terms of selecting an animal that would cycle similar to a human, because some of the primates only cycle once or twice a year, so we had to find some that cycled monthly.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
So you're talking about a menstrual cycle here.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Yeah. An ovarian cycle.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Yeah. Ovarian cycle.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
An ovarian cycle. Yes. You bet. Because not all primates—and they do menstruate but not— It's difficult to see.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
So, it's a—? Okay.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
It's very— Humans hide their cycle whereas a lot of primates—most primates—do not, especially chimpanzees. Chimpanzees are very—you know—they advertise their cycle big time.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Right.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
It causes a lot of problems out there with the boys—with our boys.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Do you separate the males and females?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
No. They're in social groups.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
They are?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
They're in social groups. We have a lot of our—most of our animals— Almost all of our chimpanzees are on some type of contraceptive because of the moratorium on breeding, but they're either on implants or oral contraceptives at this point. We did have a period of time where all of our animals had IUDs, but because of some of the issues surrounding the maintenance of IUDs, we've gone to implants. It's worked out better. Still expensive. It's about—costs about $700 per implant—just for the implant.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
So it's more cost effective, too, to go to oral contraceptives.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
We get two years out of that $700 of contraception.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Right. Gosh. You also worked with the tissue engineering, and I wondered if you would tell me a bit about that?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
That's a great—was a great program, too, first with Dr. Miller, who was the Deputy Chair of Plastics at MD Anderson, and then more recently with Roman Skoracki, who is a faculty member in that department. We developed— Dr. Miller was looking for a way to recreate body parts, as it were, in using these molds that they would make, and we would take—designed a way to take these molds, fill them with cancellous bone, and then put periosteum over the implant, and then attach it back to the body wall. This was done in sheep.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Can you—? I'm sorry just to interrupt you, but now, cancellous bone, what does that mean?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
That's the bone that's around the outside of the—you know—your bone has a center portion and a hard outside portion. The outside portion—we were using ribs, so we were using both, I guess—all parts of the bone to be more accurate. That was crushed to use as a—so we could put it into a mold. Then the mold was attached back to this body wall, and then within—about six weeks later, we would recover that implant and the blood supply that was attached to that implant. Then we could move it to a different portion of the body. We actually did a study with a sheep, to put a mold in that approximated the mandible of the sheep, removed a section of the sheep's mandible. Took that tissue-engineered implant out along with its artery and vein, and then reattached it in the jaw of the sheep and attached it—the artery and the segment of artery and vein—to another artery and vein that we found up in the throat of the sheep—Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
That's amazing.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
—to revitalize it.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Wow. And so, the creature had the—William C. Satterfield, DVM:
And then with some bone plates, plated it in place so that it would grow in place there.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
So completely rebuilt.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Rebuilt, yeah. There is a whole body of tissue engineering for all—basically, every part of your body now, and because of problems that—I guess, clinical problems—that were identified in Houston with trying to return to function, the mandible—when that has to be removed, usually from tobacco products—they were trying to find a way to tissue-engineer another mandible.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
So has that gone to human trials at this point?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
It's been done in other countries.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
It has been.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
But Dr. Miller moved on to Columbus, Ohio, and we have done—worked on other strategies for enhancing the development of the bone. One of the weaknesses of this is getting good, viable bone out of these molds, and sometimes it works, and sometimes it didn't work so well, so—Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Do you know why—what was happening?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Yes. You have to get growth factors into this, and we worked with different strategies to develop growth factors or to get growth factors injected, to put growth factors in to begin with. So there are a lot of little intricacies that can make this a difficult process.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
And what's the—?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
The idea is great. We know what we want to do, but it's just getting it to work because you're working with a living organism. You can't do this. This is one of the things that can't be a computer model. I mean, you can model this with a computer, but getting it to work in real life as opposed to the model are two different things.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
And what's the fate of that study right now? Is it—? Are you still involved with that?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Well, the funding on it was external, and we stopped doing this about three or four years ago, I would say. And some of it has to do—some of the studying participants have had such heavy clinical responsibilities, we haven't been able to get back to this. It goes back to the pressures that have been put on the institution to develop clinical revenue.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Yeah, this is something I've heard from a number of people that I've been interviewing is the—William C. Satterfield, DVM:
It's hard.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
—the challenge of supporting clinicians in their research career.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
And the guys would come down here, Miller and Skoracki, and we would spend a whole day doing surgeries, but they would have to schedule this, basically doing it on their day off, because their clinical schedule was so heavy. And they'd have to make up those clinics. If they took a—do it during a clinic day, they have to make it up somehow. It is unfortunate. But that's— I guess that's the way it is. And that's really my role—was to make it easier for them to do this research work and not impact their clinical production.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
How did you do that?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Well, we did a lot of the surgeries. And everything— All they'd have to do is come down, do some of the things that they wanted to do with it, but all the preps and all the after-care and everything else, we took care of all of that because we tried to make it a turnkey project.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
What does that mean?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
That just means all they have to do is show up. Show up, and we make the rest of it happen.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Wow. Let's see—is there anything I'm missing with your research areas? I don't know if we— I have the smallpox and biodefense. I'm not sure if you—William C. Satterfield, DVM:
We talked about that yesterday.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
We talked about that yesterday. Okay. I just wanted to make sure we covered that completely.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Yep. Let's see if I've got anything else on here.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
And I have also the— You mentioned the programs here and also in Houston to treat canine lymphosarcoma. I also have here that you did some work with looking for tumor markers for that. Was that something significant to talk about?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
We looked for those, but we didn't really find any that—just the process of going through that was something that was done with—in collaboration with the people at Smithville, looking at particular markers. One of the other—certain body of work was done with private companies was to try to develop a cartilaginous or cartilage surface—joint surface—replacements, cartilage replacement on the joint surface—particular cartilage replacement, I guess, is the right way to—Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
And what joints were being looked at, specifically?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Knees. And we did that both in sheep and in goats, so—Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
So how did you go about developing cartilage? How did that happen?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
There was an artificial—the company provided an artificial substance that we put into the knee of those animals and then, six, eight, ten weeks, twelve weeks, sixteen weeks recovered, the—and look and see how that had—see if they could be replaced. They were going to put these little, small holes all over your articular surface and then put these kind of cushioning things in there, and that would go in a person that had worn off all of their cartilage.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
So the process would be that you would actually grow the cartilage in the animal and then transplant it into a human, or—?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
No. This was artificial materials.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Oh, it was artificial materials.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Yeah. It was artificial materials.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Oh, okay. And then it would attach.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Yeah. It would be incorporated into the bone, into the joint.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
What was the—? Is the material proprietary?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Yeah.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Oh, yeah.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
I don't even know what it was. Yeah, that was proprietary. It's a—you know—a knee replacement's a big deal. There are a lot of artificial knees and artificial hips being put in. This was another way to do that without having to chop off a big chunk of your bone and put a whole joint in there.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Wow. And what was the funding for that particular project like?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
That was private. It was a pharmaceutical company. A large orthopedic company funded that. So—Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
And just for the recorder, I want to say that Dr. Satterfield has just pulled up a PowerPoint and is kind of going through a summary of different projects he's worked on.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Yeah. And we— I'm just making sure that we've talked about other—talked about— Well, working with Dr. [Jagannadha] Sastry in the early '90s and Dr. [Pramod] Nehete with a synthetic peptide vaccine for HIV using the rhesus SHIV model, they had these conserved peptides that were found in HIV—all of the different types of HIV—to try to develop a vaccine for that.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
What's a conserved peptide?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Well, it just means that all of the different strains of HIV all have this same marker on them. So, the theory was that you could incorporate that into a vaccine and vaccinate a person. They would develop antibodies to those markers, and if their T cells saw that—saw those markers—then they would kill the virus. It wasn't that—it's not that simple. So—Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
So did that—that was not—was that or wasn't that ultimately successful, or was—?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
They're still working on that.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
They're still working on it?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Yeah. They're working at other approaches on that, so—Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Was that privately funded as well, or—?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Well, let's see. They had lots of different sources of funds. Most of those were NIH funds for those. They had NIH grants for those.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Were these—? Was this done on the chimpanzees or were there other animals?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
The rhesus monkeys.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Rhesus monkeys.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Yeah, the rhesus model with that HIV simian immunodeficiency virus combination, where they combine those two viruses together. So these were some other selected studies that I worked with that— Did I mention the synthetic bone substitutes using bone marrow to derive stem cells and growth factors, osteochondral repair, implants and platelet-enriched gel in the goal model, development of bone substitutes and critical science defects in sheep, ovarian vascularity and imaging of the sheep ovary with 3D Doppler ultrasound, microdialysis of opioids in the cerebrospinal fluid—a sheep model?Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
And that was the one with the pump—the—okay.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
That was one—well, actually, that was a microdialysis. That was one looking at—it was Dr. [Mary Jane] Johansen, who was the doctor of pharmacology at MD Anderson. She had a grant to see exactly how opioids—specifically morphine—was metabolized and how much of it showed up in the spinal fluid after it was administered for pain. How much of that stuff ends up in your spinal cord? You don't know, and the only way to do that is we did a dialysis of— Dialysis is extracting that, and these were extremely little. They were the size of a hair—the tubes that we put in to extract the cerebrospinal fluid to get that, to test to see what kind—type of levels of morphine were ending up actually in the spinal fluid.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Now, was her concern also the creation of these small tumors in—?William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Her concern was just to see how effective parenteral administration of morphine was for spinal pain.Tacey Ann Rosolowski, PhD:
Okay.William C. Satterfield, DVM:
Because you get more and more of it, how much of that actually gets into the—? Because there is that thing called the blood-brain barrier where productRecommended Citation
Satterfield, William C. DVM and Rosolowski, Tacey A. PhD, "Chapter 10: A Career of Collaborative Studies from HIV to Tissue Engineering" (2012). Interview Chapters. 1512.
https://openworks.mdanderson.org/mchv_interviewchapters/1512
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